Anatomy of advanced bipedalism-
There are multiple varions of bipedalism. While early apes were able to shand straight for short period and walk little distances (evident from foramen magnum) , true bipedalism appears in Ardipithecus Ramidus. By Ardipethecus Sadiba we see preference to use of feet for walking over climbing trees. Homo erecuts take the capacity of bipedalism to next step, developing as capable long distance runners. Following are the various factors and physical changes involved with bipedalism.-
1)Nuchal ligament- Ligament at the back of the head that support the head. Absent in apes and most mammals. Starts with homo habilis.
2)Ankles ( bottom of tibia)- The ankles loose their ability to bend in greater angles, become more flat and perpendicular to tibia. The pattern of wear is rectangular instead of trapeziod. Starts with later Austropithecenes.
3)Foramen magnum - The position moves from back to head to the bottom. Indicated a balanced head. Appears in Ardipethecus Ramidus.
4)Glutious maximus - The buttock muscles become more developed to support running instead of walking. Shows up in Homo erectus
5)Hip bones- they become narrower and longer to support weight of body while standing up and rapid movement of body, side to side while running. Modern form in Australopithacus Sadiba
6)Toes - The toes are closer, no more prehensile and thumb toe is not opposible. Shows up in Australopithacus Sadiba.
7)Loss of fur - loss of fur due to endurance running. Probably Homo Erectus.
8)Shorter arms - The arms are shorter than the legs and not used for knuckle walking. Australopithecus Sadiba.
There are multiple varions of bipedalism. While early apes were able to shand straight for short period and walk little distances (evident from foramen magnum) , true bipedalism appears in Ardipithecus Ramidus. By Ardipethecus Sadiba we see preference to use of feet for walking over climbing trees. Homo erecuts take the capacity of bipedalism to next step, developing as capable long distance runners. Following are the various factors and physical changes involved with bipedalism.-
1)Nuchal ligament- Ligament at the back of the head that support the head. Absent in apes and most mammals. Starts with homo habilis.
2)Ankles ( bottom of tibia)- The ankles loose their ability to bend in greater angles, become more flat and perpendicular to tibia. The pattern of wear is rectangular instead of trapeziod. Starts with later Austropithecenes.
3)Foramen magnum - The position moves from back to head to the bottom. Indicated a balanced head. Appears in Ardipethecus Ramidus.
4)Glutious maximus - The buttock muscles become more developed to support running instead of walking. Shows up in Homo erectus
5)Hip bones- they become narrower and longer to support weight of body while standing up and rapid movement of body, side to side while running. Modern form in Australopithacus Sadiba
6)Toes - The toes are closer, no more prehensile and thumb toe is not opposible. Shows up in Australopithacus Sadiba.
7)Loss of fur - loss of fur due to endurance running. Probably Homo Erectus.
8)Shorter arms - The arms are shorter than the legs and not used for knuckle walking. Australopithecus Sadiba.
No comments:
Post a Comment